Annotated Bibliography


von Lohmann, Fred. "What Peer-to-Peer developers need to know about the law." Electronic Frontier Foundation. December 2003. http://www.eff.org/IP/P2P/p2p_copyright_wp.php

Lohmann provides an in depth analysis of the legal side of the P2P debate. He includes explanation of the different kinds of copyright infringements as well as the most frequently use defense arguments. In addition, he provides advice for developers interested in designing their own file-sharing system.


Apple Computer, Inc. iTunes Music Store. 28 May 2004 .

This is the official web site of Apple’s iTunes music store. It has iTunes software available for download, which is used to purchase music through the online store. It showcases many features of the system including volume of songs, popularity, price, and usage rights.


Avalon, Moses. “Nielsen Rating System At Odds With RIAA's Claim Of ‘Lost Sales.’” Music Dish. 24 April 2004. Tag It. 28 May 2004 .

This article discusses a discrepancy between the volume of lost sales claimed by the RIAA and numbers found by Nielsen, a research company known for their television ratings. The Nielsen studies suggest that online music stores have had a less serious impact on the music industry than the RIAA claims. The article includes an analysis of both viewpoints.


Ballou, Kennon. “R.I.P. Audiogalaxy.” Kuro5hin. 21 June 2002. Kuro5hin.org Inc. 2 June 2004 .

This editorial by a former programmer for Audiogalaxy claims that the peer-to-peer sharing network was the best of its kind before it settled with the RIAA not to share copyrighted music. The article includes an in-depth history of the service.


Borland, John. “Audiogalaxy hit by RIAA Suit.” ZDNet. 24 May 2002. CNET Networks, Inc. 3 June 2004 .

This article reports on the RIAA’s law suit against Audiogalaxy soon after the suit with Napster.


Borland, John. "Musicians launch national anti-Napster Campaign." CNET News.com. 11 July 2000. CNET Networks, Inc. 28 May 2004 .

Called "Artists against Piracy", the group launched a high-profile campaign against illegal file-sharing. Includes opposing opinions from other musicians. Group is not trying to take Napster away (musicians recognize its value), just trying to develop a way to make the program work for musicians as well.


Buechner, Maryanne Murray. “Too Legit: For those who want to stay within the laws, the variety on download sites is getting better all the time.” Time.com. 7 April 2003. Time Inc. 28 May 2004 .

This article talks about the increasing ease of downloading music legally. It emphasizes that online music stores let consumers “listen with a clear conscience.” It discusses several music services including Rhapsody.


Digital 5, Inc. “Digital 5 Partners With RealNetworks to Offer Rhapsody Music Service Throughout the Home.” Yahoo! Finance. 27 May 2004. Yahoo! Inc. 28 May 2004 .

This press release explains how Digital 5 will bring the Rhapsody music service to devices besides a PC. It illustrates how music services are growing and reaching other markets.


Downhill Battle. 2 June 2004 .

This is an activist web site whose primary goal is to educate the public about the wrongdoings of the RIAA. It has articles and other resources in support of peer-to-peer file sharing and criticizes the iTunes Music Store and Napster after its rebirth as a pay service.


ed2k-it. 28 May 2004 .

This web site offers “verified files for the eDonkey network.” It is a non-corporate site with anonymous authors. Users can register and post links to files on the eDonkey network. Postings include feature films, albums, and popular software titles. This site is one example of the communities formed around the eDonkey network.


eMule. 28 May 2004 .

eMule is a free open-source clone of eDonkey2000. It operates within the eDonkey network but does not require users to pay for its unrestricted use. The software client may be downloaded from this site.


Enraged Baboon Industries. 27 May 2004 .

This is an anonymous rant by a non-paying downloader.


"Franz Ferdinand star lectures on file-sharing." 28 May 2004 .

One British musician's opinion on online file-sharing. A member of Franz Ferdinand thinks that most musicians are not opposed.


Fried, Ina. “Apple’s iTunes Sales Hit 50 Million.” CNET News.com. 15 March 2004. CNET Networks Inc. 2 June 2004 .

This article reports that the iTunes Music Store has sold 50 million songs. It also reports that the store is selling 2.5 million songs a week.


Goldman, Jim. “KaZaA CEO Speaks Out August 11 2003.” TechTV.com. 20 May 2004. .

This is an interview with Kazaa’s CEO. He comments on attacks by the RIAA, the future of KaZaa and other p2p servers, and how the company is run.


Hellweg, Eric. “Subscription Music Services Heat Up.” Technology Review. 16 April 2003. Technology Review. 28 May 2004 .

This article talks about the state of many music purchasing services: how they’re doing, what they’re doing. It emphasizes that online music purchasing is a quickly growing market.

"History of mp3.com." 28 May 2004 .

Provides a brief history of mp3.com, its rise and fall. Includes information on acquisition by Vivendi along with dollar figures.


Ihnatko, Andy. “New iTunes Still Sings, But Fine Tuning Lies Ahead.” Chicago Sun-Times. 18 May 2004. Digital Chicago, Inc. 28 May 2004 .

This article talks about the success of iTunes, but notes that it needs improvement. iTunes is slowly raising its prices here and there and soon may be less fierce competition to online CD vendors such as Amazon.com.


“iTunes and Digital Downloads: An Analysis.” Future of Music Coalition. 2 June 2004 .

This is a report by the Future of Music Coalition on the iTunes Music Store. Representatives from the coalition were present when Apple showcased the store to the independent record label community. The report concludes that the store is good for independent artists if record labels offer them fair contracts.


Kahney, Leander. “Pay Service Turns CDs into MP3s.” 26 January 2004. WIRED.com. 26 May 2004 .

This is an article in WIRED that describes a CD ripping service that takes entire collections of CDs and creates mp3’s for you.


King, Brad. “Music Sites Like Napster Pay Plan.” 30 January 2001. WIRED.com. 26 May 2004 .

This is an article quoting the new CEO of Napster, and how he believes that the new pay site will overcome old users leaving because the service is no longer free.


Knight, Will. “Net Traffic Shows File-Sharing Undented.” New Scientist. 26 May 2004. Reed Business Information Ltd. 28 May 2004 .

This article, which mentions KaZaA and eDonkey, discusses how steps taken by copyright holders to stop illegal trading of media have not achieved their goals; users have simply changed to systems that are “safer” from lawsuits and other legal action.


Listen.com. RHAPSODY Digital Music Service. 28 May 2004 .

This is the official web site of Rhapsody, a subscription music service run by Listen.com, which is a subsidiary of RealNetworks. Audiogalaxy, which used to be a popular way to download music (often illegally), now links to this service. The web site describes how the system works, offers a free trial, and has links to many articles that mention Rhapsody.


MetaMachine. eDonkey2000. 28 May 2004 .

This is the official web site of eDonkey2000, a popular peer-to-peer file sharing system. eDonkey2000 has a free version that has ads and a pay version that does not. This web site describes the workings of the eDonkey network.


Mello, John P. "Morpheus Crosses P2P boundaries.” 5 February 2004. 28 May 2004 .

Reviews cases involving P2P programs. Introduction of Morpheus network allowing users to connect to all the major P2P networks. Conflict BETWEEN P2P programs, including information about Kazaa blocking Morpheus.


Ranie et al. “Pew Internet Project and comScore Media Metrix Data Memo.” April 2004. Pew Internet and American Life Project. 28 May 2004 .

The Pew Internet and American Life Project has conducted a survey of musicians and songwriters to see how they feel about sharing of their music online. Responses are varied, though interestingly enough, 83% say that they have provided free samples of their own music online. This article includes lots of facts and figures to musicians' opinions regarding illegal sharing, who they feel should be held responsible for file-sharing and what actions should be taken.


"Rappers in Disharmony on P2P" http://www.wired.com/news/mp3/0,1285,60650,00.html

LL Cool J and Chuck D offer differing perspectives on sharing music online. LL Cool J is opposed, saying that his record sales have slipped recently even though he's made some of his biggest hits. Also says that musicians, such as drummers, suffer from file-sharing. Chuck D thinks that sharing expands artistry; claims that p2p means 'power to the people'.


Reuters. “Napster Beats iTunes with UK Launch.” Stuff. 21 May 2004. Fairfax Interactive. 28 May 2004 .

This article reports on Napster’s release in the UK. It discusses the history of competition between iTunes and Napster in other markets. It analyzes the strategies of each service to dominate the online music industry.


Soulseek. 28 May 2004 .

Brief introduction to Soulseek. Created by Nir Arbel, a former Napster programmer. It relies on a central server, therefore making it susceptible to being shutdown.


UnitePunk, MP3s – Killing Music? 27 May 2004 .

This is an anonymous rant by a non-paying downloader.


Willem, Jan. “KaZaA surpasses 100000000 downloads August 2002.” CDFreaks.com. 27 May 2004 .

This is an article describing KaZaa’s growth over time.


“WinMX 2004.” Slyck.com. 23 May 2004 .

This is a WinMX history; it also contains links to multiple interviews with the creator of WinMX throughout its history.


Yagan, Sam. “TechNews: Future of File Sharing.” WashingtonPost.com. 13 May 2004. The Washington Post Company. 28 May 2004 .

This is a transcript of an interview of Sam Yagan by David McGuire. Sam Yagan is the president of eDonkey. He discusses the success and future of his company and of the eDonkey network.